tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3731549828645070176.post8992193798023986977..comments2023-03-31T15:37:08.135-04:00Comments on love, death, etc.: Media Ethics. 02 Duty ProperHowie Goodhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09725019693961191483noreply@blogger.comBlogger19125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3731549828645070176.post-79904291727808557252008-02-20T13:37:00.000-05:002008-02-20T13:37:00.000-05:00There are two types of utilitarianism ,act and rul...There are two types of utilitarianism ,act and rule. The act utilitarian is the one that is concerned only about the results or consequences of a single act, whereas the rule utilitarian is concerned about the consequences that result of following a rule of certain behavior. Act utilitarianism is defined by Jeremy Bentham and rule utilitarianism is defined by J.S Mill. <BR/>Prima facie is what we believe are our moral obligations, for example duty to keep promises. Duty proper is the actual moral obligation we have. The philosopher who came up with these ideas is W.D. Ross.Jelenahttps://www.blogger.com/profile/14008466397122660815noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3731549828645070176.post-14366110524406652052008-02-14T17:21:00.000-05:002008-02-14T17:21:00.000-05:00Utilitarianism is the ethical standpoint that an a...Utilitarianism is the ethical standpoint that an action is right is it produces the more benefits than harm for the people affected. <BR/><BR/>Jeremy Bentham's is associated with the term act-utilitarianism or "extreme" utilitarianism which is the original form of the principle. It holds that a person should act according to which choices overall consequences will be better than or as good as any other options for action available. <BR/><BR/>John Stuart Mill elaborates on this by saying that the consequences are not so easily predicted and so instead a person should follow the rule that has the best consequences when regularly followed... follow the rules. - Rule Utilitarianism. <BR/><BR/>W.D. Ross's seven prima facie duties are fidelity, reparation, gratitude, non-maleficence, justice, beneficence, and self-improvement and he believed that every one owed these actions to society. Duty proper is the result of deliberation and the prima facie duties conflicting with one another. <BR/><BR/>Sorry for the late post. Didn't realize this was up here.Lisahttps://www.blogger.com/profile/14695745299806216751noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3731549828645070176.post-14317736538321920992008-02-14T17:12:00.001-05:002008-02-14T17:12:00.001-05:00Utilitarianism can be broken down into two main co...Utilitarianism can be broken down into two main concepts, act and rule utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is “the greatest good for the greatest number”; meaning that if something is good for most, therefore it must be good for all. Act utilitarianism, formulated by Jeremy Bentham, requires us to do what is best for the largest amount of people and what will produce the highest amount of satisfaction among these people. Whereas, rule utilitarianism concentrates on the long term effects of a particular decision, weighing out the benefits and consequences of a decision based on a particular set of rules. Regardless of the outcome of a decision, Mill created these rules to be strictly followed. <BR/><BR/>W.D Ross can be credited with the formulation of the ideas prima facie duties and duty proper. Duty proper is the obvious moral obligation one holds to himself in situations. Prima facie duties is the thought of what is morally right or wrong.Jamiehttps://www.blogger.com/profile/04848135699317858598noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3731549828645070176.post-13720272095645362192008-02-14T17:12:00.000-05:002008-02-14T17:12:00.000-05:00Act Utilitarianism Act, Jeremy Bentham suggests th...Act Utilitarianism Act, Jeremy Bentham suggests that decisions are maded based on the consequences that positively effects the greatest amount of people. J.S. Mill, suggests that there are guidelines that shoukd be fallowed to make a good decision for the general good, this is Rule utilitarianism.<BR/><BR/>Philosopher W.D Ross introduced Prima facie and proper duty were. Prima facie is something that is stemmed from experience. Proper duty is a way to act upon the common sence and is unsystematic and follows no logical principle.ashleyhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/15742551820944140540noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3731549828645070176.post-42191732395616742672008-02-14T17:07:00.000-05:002008-02-14T17:07:00.000-05:00Act utilitarianism, associated with Jeremy Bentham...Act utilitarianism, associated with Jeremy Bentham, observes the potential consequences and chooses what will create the most happiness. Rule utilitarianism, associated with John Stuart Mill, observes rules that lead to the greatest good.<BR/><BR/>W.D. Ross developed the prima facie duties and duty proper. Prima facie duties are things that are self-evident, which in moral decision making means it's conditional. Duty proper is a moral obligation.lorrainehttps://www.blogger.com/profile/03601402025713282529noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3731549828645070176.post-2568632003043950332008-02-14T16:16:00.000-05:002008-02-14T16:16:00.000-05:00Act Utilitarianism is associated with Jeremy Benth...Act Utilitarianism is associated with Jeremy Bentham. Act utilitarianism states that the morally right action is the one which produces the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. Rule utilitarianism is associated with J.S. Mill. It states that the morally right action is the one that is in accordance with a moral rule whose general observance would create the most happiness.<BR/><BR/>Prima Facie duties and duty proper are based on the theories of W.D. Ross. Prima facie suggests that on first examination, a matter appears to be self-evident from the facts.Duty proper is the actual moral obligation to do something.le professeur et l'étudianthttps://www.blogger.com/profile/02517541363639705293noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3731549828645070176.post-16026402268586657622008-02-14T16:02:00.000-05:002008-02-14T16:02:00.000-05:00Act and Rule are two forms of utilitarianism, it i...Act and Rule are two forms of utilitarianism, it is defined by J. Bentham, that Act is the action by which someone with good faith not thinking about the long term problems. Rule utilitarianism defined by J.S. Mill, focuses more on the long term consequences of someone the actions.<BR/><BR/>Prima Facie duties and Duty Proper was developed by a philosopher W.D. Ross,in which Prima Facie is the feeling one get when they are doing something correct, while Duty Proper deals with obivious or right from wrong.Ohttps://www.blogger.com/profile/17323586516234351913noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3731549828645070176.post-39340523982271430122008-02-14T15:43:00.000-05:002008-02-14T15:43:00.000-05:00Act utilitarianism, as defined by Jeremy Bentham, ...Act utilitarianism, as defined by Jeremy Bentham, is doing what's best for the majority of people at that moment. Rule utilitarianism, as defined by J.S. Mill, is following guidelines that do not change no matter what the circumstance, but over time benefit everyone. Prima Facie duties and duty proper as defined by W.D. are instincts innate in everyone (duties) or non-instinctual ethical action (duty proper). Basically a duty proper is doing what you know is morally and ethically right, but a prima facie duty is the action of doing something that you feel obligated to do regardless of whether or not it's ethically right.Rachelhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/02751973951504911518noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3731549828645070176.post-76895624623288040982008-02-14T15:39:00.000-05:002008-02-14T15:39:00.000-05:00Act Utilitarianism is a concept brought about by J...Act Utilitarianism is a concept brought about by Jeremy Bentham that states that among all other alternatives a person is given, the act that they choose was chosen for the greater good of all considered. John Stewart Mill's concept was Rule Utilitarianism. This concept stated that unless the action being performed belonged to a set rule, it was not to be used. The rule is for the greater good and any action against it is not ethical and shouldn't be taken.<BR/><BR/>W.D. Ross introduced the theory of Prima Facie Duties (fidelity, reparation, gratitude, justice, beneficence, self-improvement, and nonmaleficence) which stated that one should take things at face value or on their first impression unless to be proven wrong. Duty Proper is when one has Prima Facie Duties that conflict and an action is chosen after serious thought has been made in order to trust in the first instinct.Danahttps://www.blogger.com/profile/17918987640276519261noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3731549828645070176.post-33600752938786418782008-02-14T15:17:00.000-05:002008-02-14T15:17:00.000-05:00The first type of Utliltarianism is defined by Jer...The first type of Utliltarianism is defined by Jeremy Bentham as Act Utilitarianism. It focuses on one act, or which act will provide the most happiness for the most people in a certain situation. Basically, which act will have the best consequences for the most number. The second type is Rule Utilitariansim, which was created by John Stewart Mill. Mill basically states that there are certain rules one must follow in order to create happiness, certain actions are inherently good and others are inherently bad. Basically it is the Golden Rule, the 10 Commandments, etc. <BR/><BR/>The philosopher who created the idea of Prima Facie duties and the Duty Proper was W.D. Ross. A Prima Facie duty is a moral obligation that one must hold (fidelity, reparations, gratitude, justice, beneficence, self-improvement,and nonmaleficence). A duty proper arises in a conflict with a prima facie duty, in which one must choose which duty is more important. For example breaking a promise to relieve distress.Kristenhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/03226669356185319440noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3731549828645070176.post-7329360568362375892008-02-14T15:04:00.000-05:002008-02-14T15:04:00.000-05:00Both act and rule are two major forms of utilitari...Both act and rule are two major forms of utilitarianism. As defined by J. Bentham, Act is the action by someone thru good faith not thinking about its long term problems. On the other hand Rule utilitarianism defined by J.S. Mill, focuses more on the long term consequences of your the actions.<BR/><BR/>Prima Facie duties and Duty Proper was developed by a W.D. Ross a philosopher. Prima Facie is the feeling you get if what you're doing is correct, while Duty Proper deals with obivious or clear morals aka right from wrong.coy puseyhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/14687660312958338636noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3731549828645070176.post-77695234914384378942008-02-14T14:04:00.000-05:002008-02-14T14:04:00.000-05:00Utilitarianism is often associated with the saying...Utilitarianism is often associated with the saying “the greatest good for the greatest number.” The act of utilitarianism is taking part in doing something good for the benefit of one’s self and others. Donating to charities is a prime example of acting on utilitarianism. The rule of utilitarianism is the idea of putting happiness and pleasure before sadness and suffering. It is a moral rule that must always be followed because otherwise there will be consequences to face. A Greek philosopher Epicurus was said to have come up with the idea of utilitarianism, but credit is given to Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.<BR/><BR/>Prima facie and proper duty were introduced by philosopher W.D Ross. Prima facie is something that is obvious. Proper duty is a way to act upon the obvious (instinct) whether it is positive or negative.Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3731549828645070176.post-79575889575601366972008-02-14T11:59:00.000-05:002008-02-14T11:59:00.000-05:00The act of utilitarianism proposed by Jeremy Benth...The act of utilitarianism proposed by Jeremy Bentham and J.S. Mills is performing the greater good for others without expecting anything in return. The rule of utilitarianism is to do on to others as you would want them to do to you.<BR/><BR/>Prima facie duties and duty proper was introduced by a philosopher named W.D. Ross. Duty proper is more of an obligation to do waht you think is right. Where as, prima facie is having morals that you have grown up with and developed over time, its a persons' belief of right and wrong.Melissa Vitalehttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06458495481728472106noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3731549828645070176.post-60005881209722258842008-02-14T00:07:00.000-05:002008-02-14T00:07:00.000-05:00Act Utilitarianism is associated with Jeremy Benth...Act Utilitarianism is associated with Jeremy Bentham who believes that one act will produce the greater good in a certain situation. Rule Utilitarianism associated with J.S. Mill is not so spontaneous. He believes that you can only do something for the greater good if it is good in every situation.<BR/><BR/>W.D. Ross's Prima Facie Duties say that some things are right despite the consequences. Ross's Duty Proper guides the Prima Facie Duties by telling which duty is more important to uphold.Jimmyhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/07643377427330035377noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3731549828645070176.post-45558937750555581082008-02-13T23:24:00.000-05:002008-02-13T23:24:00.000-05:00Utlitarianism is broken into two sections: act and...Utlitarianism is broken into two sections: act and rule. Rule utilitarianism, first proposed by John Stuart Mill, is rigid in that a wrong action is always wrong regardless of the result of the action. Act utilitarianism on the other hand is a bit more flexible; it states that a wrong action may be "right" if the result benefits the greater good. Act utilitarianism was introduced by Jeremy Bentham.<BR/><BR/>W.D. Ross developed the ideas of prima facie duties and duty proper. Prima facie duties refer to moral standards stemming from past experiences that one should uphold. Duty proper is simply another way of saying moral obligation. Duty proper is derived from prima facie duties. A person can have many prima facie duties but there is only one duty proper for each situation.Yannahttps://www.blogger.com/profile/03124719608588656628noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3731549828645070176.post-40232147130020824182008-02-13T21:28:00.000-05:002008-02-13T21:28:00.000-05:00Act Utilitarianism states that one should do the m...Act Utilitarianism states that one should do the morally right action which will create the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. Rule utilitarianism states that one should abide by a set of morally correct rules in which will generally make the greatest number of people happy. The philosopher associated with act utilitarianism is Jeremy Bentham, and the philosopher associated with rule is J.S. Mill.<BR/>W.D. Ross's Moral theory contains the ideas of prima facie duties and duty proper. Prima facie duties foundation is the relationship between people. It states what our moral duties should be. Duty proper is when two or more prima facie duties conflict with each other, and one had to to the morally right thing.Jenn Mhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/07910565263560552874noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3731549828645070176.post-68088657075935160172008-02-13T19:51:00.000-05:002008-02-13T19:51:00.000-05:00Utilitarianism can be divided into two different i...Utilitarianism can be divided into two different ideas, and means of approach. There is Act Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism is associated with Jeremy Bentham, and suggests that you should act in a way that produces the best consequences for the greatest amount of people. Rule utilitarianism is associated with J.S. Mill and suggests that we should follow certain rules that will lead toward general good. <BR/><BR/>Prima Facie is simply what a person believes should be their moral obligation, almost like a standard, and duty proper is just the actual moral obligations we hold onto for own sake.Daniel Maudsleyhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/13655963260717878408noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3731549828645070176.post-7738836541137390002008-02-13T16:36:00.000-05:002008-02-13T16:36:00.000-05:00There are two types of utilitarianisms called act ...There are two types of utilitarianisms called act and rule. Act utilitarianism is associated with Jeremy Benthham and rule utilitarianism with J. S. Mill. They vary from eachother because act utilitarianism is the theory that one should always do whatever act will produce the most utility in the circumstances. Rule utilitarianism is the theory that one should always abide by a set of rules that will generally tend to maximize utility. For example, a rule utilitarian would never lie beacause since we were all babies, we've been told "don't lie, lying is very bad." They will stick to this "rule." However, an act utilitarian will generally follow the rules, but if a circumstance arises where more good would come from lying, they will do so. <BR/>W.D. Ross is the philosopher responsible for developing the ideas of prima facie and duty proper. A prima facie duty is what one thinks is their moral obligation as a pose to their duty proper which is their actual moral obligation.Kaitlynhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12165321403112432502noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3731549828645070176.post-13555706482928160372008-02-12T16:15:00.000-05:002008-02-12T16:15:00.000-05:00There are two types of utilitarianism, act and rul...There are two types of utilitarianism, act and rule. Act utilitarianism as defined by Jeremy Bentham is when someone acts in good faith without thinking of the long term consequences. While in rule utilitarianism as defined by J.S. Mill, focuses more on the long term repercussions of the actions in question.<BR/><BR/>W.D. Ross is the philosopher who came up with the Theory of Prima Facie duties and duty proper. Prima Facie suggest that at first somethings may be self-evident. However, duty proper is when these prima facie duties conflict, usually as a result of serious thought. Prima facie is a sort of "gut-instinct" which may be right sometimes, but duty proper is the only way to confirm or deny these instincts.<BR/><BR/>(I accidentally posted this on the media ethics 01 file.)Dan Barryhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/01074767668471902837noreply@blogger.com